Figure 1
Introduction The EKG (Electrocardiogram) is a procedure that measures the heart muscle's contractions by using electrodes located in different places on the body. Ions and charged molecules such as potassium, calcium, chlorine, and charged protein molecules are involved in the depolarization and repolarization of the cardiac muscle. This process can be recorded by electrodes at the surface of the skin. A recording of the heart's electrical activity is called an electrocardiogram (EKG). The cells of the heart's conducting system will depolarize spontaneously. This spontaneous depolarization is most apparent in a cluster of cardiac muscle cells embedded in the upper wall of the right atrium. This group of cells is called the pacemaker (also known as the sinoatrial or SA node). Depolarization of the pacemaker generates a current that leads to the depolarization of all other cardiac muscle cells. The depolarization of the cardiac muscles triggers the heart’s contraction. The wave of depolarization travels from the right atrium to the left atrium quickly enough that both atria contract at essentially the same time. The atria and the ventricles are isolated from each other electrically by connective tissue that acts like the insulation on an electric wire. The depolarization of the atria does not directly affect the ventricles. There is another group of cells in the right atria, called the atrioventricular or AV node that will conduct depolarization down to the ventricles via a special bundle of conducting fibers (called the Bundle of His) to the ventricles. The muscle wall of the ventricles contain the Purkinje Fibers, which are a special system of muscle fibers that cause depolarization in all parts of the ventricles almost simultaneously. This process causes a small time delay, so there is a short pause after the atria contract and before the ventricles contract. Because the cells of the heart muscle are interconnected, this wave of depolarization, contraction, and repolarization spreads across all of the connected muscle of the heart.
| EKG and Respiration at Rest and after Activity |
When a portion of the heart is polarized and the adjacent portion is depolarized, an electrical current is created that moves through the body. This current is greatest when one half of the connected portion of the heart is polarized and the adjacent half is not polarized. The current decreases when the ratio of polarized tissue to non-polarized tissue is less than one to one. The changes in these currents can be measured, amplified, and plotted over time. The EKG represents the summation of all the action potentials from the heart, as detected on the surface of the body. It does not measure the mechanical contractions of the heart directly. The impulse originating at the SA node causes the atria to contract, forcing blood into the ventricles. Shortly after this contraction, the ventricles contract due to the signal conducted to them from the atria. The blood leaves the ventricles through the aorta and pulmonary artery. The polarity of the cardiac muscle cells returns to normal and the heart cycle starts again.
The electrocardiogram (EKG) is a graphic tracing of the heart's electrical activity. A typical tracing consists of a series of waveforms occurring in a repetitive order. These waveforms begin from a flat baseline called the isoelectric line. Any deflection from the isoelectric line denotes electrical activity. The five major deflections on a normal EKG are designated by the letters P, Q, R, S, and T. One heart cycle is represented by a group of waveforms beginning with the P wave, followed by the QRS wave complex, and ending with the T wave. The P wave represents the depolarization of the atria and is associated with their contraction. The QRS wave complex consists of three waves. The first negative deflection is the Q wave and is followed by a positive deflection called the R wave. The complex ends with a negative deflection known as the S wave. The QRS wave complex denotes depolarization of the ventricles and is associated with their contraction. Atrial repolarization occurs during the depolarization of the ventricles. For this reason, the waveform associated with atrial repolarization is undetectable on an EKG. The last wave is called the T wave, and is usually represented by a positive deflection. The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization. Electrical energy is also generated by skeletal muscles, and can be seen as muscle artifacts if, for example, your arm is moved while the EKG is attached. The sequence from P wave to T wave represents one heart cycle. The number of cycles in a minute is called the heart rate and is typically 70-80 beats per minute at rest. Some typical times for portions of the EKG are:
| EKG and Respiration at Rest and after Activity |
P-R interval: 0.12 to 0.20 seconds QRS interval: Less than 0.1 seconds Q-T interval: Less than 0.38 seconds The respiration rate as well as the air volume in each breath significantly increases during active exercise, as the body needs additional energy which can only be released through additional amounts of oxygen.
Equipment
einstein™Tablet with MiLAB or Android /IOS Tablet with MiLAB and einstein™LabMate
EKG Sensor
3 EKG electrode patches
Equipment Setup 1.
Launch MiLAB (
).
2. 3.
Connect the EKG Sensor and the Spirometer to ports of the einstein™ Tablet or einstein™ LabMate. In the Current Setup Summary window choose Full Setup and use the table below to set up the experiment. Make sure that only the EKG Sensor and Spirometer Sensor are selected under Measurements.
Current Setup Summary Program the sensors to log data according to the following setup: EKG (0 - 5 V) Rate:
100 samples per second
Duration:
50 sec
Procedure
| EKG and Respiration at Rest and after Activity |
Figure 2
1. 2.
3. 4.
5. 6. 7. 2.
3.
Apply the three EKG Electrodes: Because the electrical signal produced by the heart and detected at the body's surface is so small, it is very important that the electrode patch makes good contact with the skin. Scrub the areas of skin where the patches will be attached with a paper towel to remove dead skin and oil. Peel three electrode patches from the backing paper. Place each electrode on the inside part of the arm (closer to the body), with the tab on the edge of the electrode patch pointing down. This way, the wire of the sensor can hang freely without twisting the edge of the electrode patch. Firmly place the first electrode on the right wrist (see Figure 2). Place a second electrode a few centimeters above the first one. Place a third electrode on the inside of the left wrist. Connect the micro-alligator clips of the sensor’s three leads to the tabs on the edges of the electrode patches. a. Connect the two leads labeled R.A. (right arm) to the right arm electrode patches. b. Connect the lead labeled L.A. (left arm) to the left arm electrode patch. Assume a comfortable position, so that during measurement you won’t need to move. The electrodes are very sensitive to motion.
4.
Tap Run (
) to begin recording data.
5.
Save your data by tapping Save (
6.
Perform some exercise and then repeat steps 3-5.
).
| EKG and Respiration at Rest and after Activity |
Data Analysis Measure the EKG parameters in both the rest position and after exercise.
VOLTS
1.
Figure 3 With the aid of the cursors make the following measurements (see Figure 3): Item
2.
Time – Rest (Seconds)
Time – Exercise (Seconds)
Typical Time (Seconds)
P-R
0.120 to 0.200
QRS
Under 0.100
Q-T
Under 0.380
What is your conclusion?
Further Suggestions 1. 2.
Compare your EKG and breath parameters in different body positions (standing, sitting, lying down). Compare differences between you and some of your friends. Be careful not to overstress your body during the activities.
| EKG and Respiration at Rest and after Activity |